Flores Island: Indonesia’s Volcanic Arc Beyond Bali

Flores Island beyond the postcard version of Bali

The tri-coloured lakes of Kelimutu appear at dawn like something from a fever dream—one turquoise, another jade, the third the colour of black coffee. I stand at 1,639 metres, breath visible in the mountain air, watching sulphuric gases rise from crater floors that shift hue with the seasons, the mineral content, and, if you believe the Lio people, the restless spirits of the dead.

Where Volcanoes Draw the Map

Flores Island stretches 360 kilometres across the Nusa Tenggara archipelago, a jagged spine of volcanic peaks that have shaped not just the topography but the cultures that cling to its slopes. Unlike Bali, where tourism has redrawn the social contract, Flores remains a place where geography determines faith, language, and identity. Drive two hours east and you’ll cross not just districts but entire worldviews—from Catholic fishing communities descended from Portuguese traders to animist villages where megaliths still receive offerings of betel nut and palm wine.

The volcanoes on Flores Island aren’t scenic backdrops. They’re active participants in daily life. Kelimutu last erupted in 1968, and locals read its three lakes the way others read newspapers—the colours signal which ancestors are content and which demand appeasement. Egon, further east on Flores Island, sent ash clouds over Maumere in 2004 and 2008. The soil these mountains produce grows some of Indonesia’s finest Arabica coffee, cultivated at altitudes where morning mist lingers past noon. At Amanwana on nearby Moyo Island—a two-hour speedboat transfer from western Flores Island—guests drink estate-grown coffee sourced from these volcanic slopes, though the resort’s seventeen tents offer a more refined vantage point for considering geological violence.

The landscape shifts with geological logic. The western regencies around Ruteng feature terraced rice paddies that cascade down hillsides in patterns unchanged for centuries. Move east towards Maumere and the terrain turns drier, more Timor than Java, with lontar palms replacing rice terraces and coral reefs replacing volcanic sand. This isn’t a destination that offers consistency. It demands adaptation, a willingness to let the island dictate terms. Those seeking live travel inspiration will find it in the way geography here still determines human possibility rather than the reverse.

The Komodo Question and Its Complications

Flores serves as the gateway to Komodo National Park, though this fact tends to overshadow the Flores Island. The UNESCO World Heritage site encompasses three major islands—Komodo, Rinca, and Padar—plus numerous smaller ones, protecting the world’s largest lizards and some of Indonesia’s most extraordinary marine biodiversity. But the park has become a victim of its own appeal. In 2023, authorities announced plans to build a ‘Jurassic Park’ styled facility on Rinca, complete with elevated walkways and viewing platforms, sparking outrage from conservationists who argue the dragons need protection from tourism, not increased exposure to it.

I sailed to Rinca aboard a private charter arranged through Plataran Komodo Resort & Spa, a property perched on Waecicu Beach with views across the strait to Komodo Island. The resort’s teak-and-thatch bungalows feel appropriately remote—no television, patchy internet, the kind of place where sundowners on your private deck count as the evening’s entertainment. The boat departure was timed for first light, when dragons emerge from their burrows to warm cold blood in the early sun. Our ranger carried a forked stick, the only defence against an animal whose saliva contains fifty strains of bacteria.

What struck me on Flores Island wasn’t the dragons themselves—impressive as they are at three metres and eighty kilograms—but the terrestrial poverty surrounding them. Rinca is a harsh place: brittle savannah grass, skeletal trees, temperatures that reach forty degrees by midday. The dragons survive here because they’re supremely adapted scavengers, capable of eating eighty percent of their body weight in a single feeding. Watching one tear into a goat carcass (provided by rangers, a controversial practice) offers no Attenborough-style majesty. It’s brutal, efficient, and strangely compelling precisely because it refuses to perform for human witnesses.

The Ngada Highlands and Living Animism

The Ngada villages around Bajawa exist in a permanent negotiation between the modern Indonesian state and something far older. In Bena, a cluster of traditional houses arranged around a central plaza, animist rituals continue despite the Catholic churches that dot the surrounding hills. The village’s thirty families maintain ancestral houses with steep thatched roofs that sweep nearly to the ground. In the plaza stand ngadhu and bhaga—paired structures representing male and female principles, each one tied to a specific clan lineage.

I arrived during preparations for a reba ceremony, a harvest ritual that involves days of buffalo sacrifice, palm wine consumption, and dances that enact the Ngada creation myths. The Catholic catechist who showed me around saw no contradiction in attending Sunday mass and pouring blood offerings on megalithic altars. ‘The Church is for the next life,’ he explained. ‘The ancestors manage this one.’ His English was excellent; his teenage son wore a Chelsea football shirt and filmed the ceremony on a smartphone for TikTok. Tradition here isn’t static or pure. It’s a living compromise, shaped by tourists like me who pay 50,000 rupiah entry fees that fund roof repairs and school fees.

The road to Bena from Bajawa winds through some of Flores Island’s most striking countryside—rice terraces that shift from emerald to gold depending on the season, volcanic cones rising abruptly from valleys, villages where women still weave ikat textiles on backstrap looms. This is where luxury travel guides tend to fall silent, because there’s no luxury property within two hours’ drive and the experience itself resists commodification. You sleep where you can—small guesthouses, family compounds—and wake to roosters and gong music at dawn.

The essentials: Flores Island

• Best season: May through September offers dry conditions and calm seas for boat transfers; October through April brings rain but fewer visitors and lusher landscapes
• Getting there: Daily flights from Bali to Labuan Bajo (western Flores) or Maumere (eastern Flores); overland travel between them requires three days minimum by 4WD
• Where to stay: Plataran Komodo Resort & Spa in Labuan Bajo offers beachfront bungalows from US$450 per night; in eastern Flores, accommodation is modest—expect guesthouses at US$30-60
• Budget signal: Plan for US$300-500 daily including private boat charters, guides, and quality accommodation where available; eastern regions cost significantly less but offer fewer amenities
• Insider tip: Hire a driver-guide for the full cross-island journey rather than attempting self-drive; roads are poorly signed, fuel stations sparse, and a knowledgeable local transforms logistics into cultural education

Seventeen Islands and the Riung Archipelago

The marine park at Riung, on Flores Island’s northern coast, comprises seventeen islands scattered across protected waters that support healthy coral systems and significant populations of flying foxes. Unlike the heavily visited sites around Labuan Bajo, Riung receives perhaps a dozen foreign visitors weekly. The town itself offers little—a few warung serving grilled fish, a modest pier, a sense that you’ve driven to the end of a road that didn’t expect company.

I hired a boat for the day, a wooden affair with an outboard motor and a captain who spoke no English but understood ‘snorkelling’ and ‘flying fox’ well enough. We anchored off Pulau Tiga, where the water was so clear I could count individual fish species from the boat: midnight snapper, parrotfish grinding coral into sand, a hawksbill turtle that surfaced briefly before descending into the blue. The coral wasn’t pristine—bleaching events and dynamite fishing have taken their toll—but it was recovering, protected now by Marine Protected Area status that restricts both fishing methods and visitor numbers.

The flying foxes roost on Pulau Kalong, dense colonies that darken entire trees. At dusk they lift off in waves, thousands of them streaming towards the mainland in search of fruiting trees, their wingspans stretching a metre across. It’s a spectacle that would draw tour groups anywhere else. Here it drew just us, returning to Riung as stars emerged and the captain navigated by memory rather than GPS. The absence of infrastructure—no floating restaurant, no sunset cocktail bar—felt like the point rather than a deficit.

Coffee, Cloth, and the Economics of Staying

Flores Island’s economy runs on coffee and cloth, the twin pillars that have sustained highland communities for generations. In Manggarai, west of Ruteng, smallholder farmers grow Arabica at altitudes between 1,200 and 1,700 metres. The coffee here rivals anything from Sumatra or Sulawesi, with notes of chocolate and tobacco that reflect volcanic soil chemistry. Yet most of it leaves the island as raw beans, processed in Surabaya or Singapore, robbing local farmers of value-added profits.

A few initiatives are trying to change this. Kopi Manggarai, a cooperative outside Ruteng, has invested in processing equipment and direct trade relationships with speciality roasters in Melbourne and Amsterdam. The manager showed me their drying beds, beans spread on raised platforms to cure in the sun, while explaining the price differentials: a farmer selling raw beans to a middleman might receive 40,000 rupiah per kilogram; the cooperative pays 65,000 and provides technical training on pruning and fermentation. It’s not charity. It’s a recognition that Flores Island coffee can command premium prices if it reaches buyers who care about terroir and traceability, concepts the Indonesian Ministry of Tourism is beginning to promote as part of cultural heritage preservation.

Ikat weaving follows similar patterns. In Sikka regency, women produce textiles whose patterns denote clan affiliation and social status—knowledge passed from mothers to daughters, colours derived from indigo, morinda root, and turmeric. A single sarong requires four months of work: spinning cotton by hand, dyeing and re-dyeing threads in complex resist patterns, weaving on backstrap looms that demand absolute concentration.

A master weaver might produce six pieces annually, selling them for prices that don’t reflect the labour involved—500,000 to two million rupiah, depending on complexity. Tourism offers a potential market, but only if visitors understand what they’re buying. The cheap ikat sold in Labuan Bajo shops comes from factories in Java. The real cloth hangs in village homes, too valuable to display casually, brought out only for ceremonies or the occasional educated buyer willing to pay accordingly.

Explore further

• Travel inspiration from all over the world
• Luxury travel guides
• UNESCO World Heritage List
• Indonesian Ministry of Tourism