On Hortobágy, Europe’s last great steppe, a way of life persists that exists nowhere else on the continent. The csikós riders in their deep blue shirts, the grey Hungarian cattle with horns wide enough to span five feet, and the racka sheep with their spiralling corkscrew horns — all of it is still here, not as a museum exhibit, but as ordinary work.
Nature · Hungary
It is half past seven on an October morning, and I am standing on the Nine-Holed Bridge in Hortobágy. In front of me the puszta stretches out, flat and infinite, until sky meets grass with not a single tree on which to rest the eye. A single rider appears in the distance — first a dark dot, then a silhouette in deep blue shirt and a wide-brimmed hat. He is moving a herd of grey cattle towards a gémeskút, one of the traditional shadoof wells still in use on the plain. It is not a performance. It is his work.
Europe’s last real steppe
Hortobágy National Park sits in eastern Hungary, between the Tisza river and the city of Debrecen, and covers 800 square kilometres. It is Hungary’s first national park — established in 1973 — and since 1999 a UNESCO World Heritage site, classified as a “cultural landscape”. It is Europe’s largest semi-natural grassland and the westernmost reach of the 8,000-kilometre Eurasian steppe that runs all the way to eastern China.
That matters for how you experience the place. When you stand on the puszta, you are in the same kind of landscape that pastoral peoples have moved through for more than four thousand years. UNESCO inscribed the area not because it is untouched nature — it isn’t — but because it is a working cultural landscape, where humans and animals have lived together so long that their way of doing things is part of the land itself.
It is a rare classification. It says: this is not wilderness, but neither is it agriculture. It is something third, older, and almost gone from Europe. Only here, on certain Spanish dehesa lands and Romanian mountain steppes, does anything similar still exist.
The men in blue
Csikós is the Hungarian word for horse-herders — the men who have traditionally watched over the horse herds on the puszta. Their uniform is not a tourist construction: it is working dress that took its form over centuries. The deep blue shirt and loose blue trousers, the black velvet waistcoat, the wide-brimmed hat with a crane feather in the band — all functional, all from the landscape they work in.
The most famous riding feat is the Puszta Five. A horseman stands upright on the backs of two rear horses while driving three lead horses ahead of him — five horses, one man, no reins, only voice and whip. It was developed in the nineteenth century, but its origin is the so-called betyár tradition: the highwaymen who lay flat with their horses on the plain to evade the gendarmerie. When you lie flat in tall grass on a flat puszta, you are quite literally invisible.
Today the Puszta Five has become a performance, but the technique is the same. And when you watch it done by a rider who learned it from his father, who learned it from his father, you feel the difference between an act and an inheritance.
Animals that almost disappeared
Hortobágy is home to four breeds, each of which came close to extinction in the twentieth century, and each of which is preserved here by deliberate choice.
The Hungarian Grey Cattle — szürke marha — is an ancient breed with horns spanning up to a metre and a half, and a silver-grey coat that makes them look like ghosts in the morning mist. They were near extinction in the 1960s; today the herd is over 30,000. They gave the world the word for Hungarian goulash — gulyás means cattle herder.
Racka sheep are Hortobágy’s other emblem: small, white, with striking spiralling horns that twist upwards like corkscrews. The Nonius horse, originally bred for the Austro-Hungarian cavalry, is now primarily a working horse for the csikós. And finally: the Przewalski’s horse, the only truly wild horse species in the world, was reintroduced here in the 1990s. About 25 animals live freely in a fenced area of the park.
It is these four animals — the cattle, the sheep, the working horse and the wild horse — that make Hortobágy more than a nature reserve. It is a living catalogue of breeds that ordinary agriculture pushed out long ago.
The Nine-Holed Bridge and the eighteenth century
In the middle of the park, where the road between Debrecen and Budapest crosses the small Hortobágy river, sits Kilenclyukú híd — the Nine-Holed Bridge. Built in 1827–1833, it is Hungary’s longest stone road bridge of the nineteenth century, with nine arches mirrored in the still water of the river below. It is one of the most photographed motifs in all of Hungary — and a fully functional piece of infrastructure that cattle are still driven across on market days.
Right beside it stands Hortobágyi Csárda, an inn from 1781 where salt caravans paused on their way from Transylvania to Vienna. Today it is still a working tavern serving Hungarian goulash, slambuc (a shepherd’s dish of potatoes and bacon cooked in a single pot) and pörkölt. It is not a gourmet experience. It is an experience of what the puszta has eaten for two hundred years.
The quiet of the morning, the birds of autumn
Hortobágy is one of Europe’s most important areas for migratory birds. More than 340 bird species are recorded here, and every autumn — particularly from September to November — up to 100,000 cranes gather in the park’s shallow lakes on their way south. It is a sound so distinctive that locals still rise in the dark to witness the arrival. Trumpet-like calls from thousands of birds settling on the water at dusk.
The bird season is one of three real reasons to plan a journey to Hortobágy. The other two are spring’s birthing season, when the grey calves are released onto the plain, and the annual Hídi vásár — the bridge market — in August, when the puszta’s herders bring their animals to town in a tradition unbroken since the Middle Ages.
Where to stay
Hortobágy is not a place of large hotels, and that is part of the point. Hortobágyi Pásztormúzeum Vendégház in Hortobágy village itself is a small guesthouse run by a family with csikós ancestry, where you can be shown around by people whose grandfather rode horses on these fields. Epona Lovas Hotel in Máta, next to the main stud farm, is built specifically for horse-minded guests — rooms overlook the paddock, and riding programmes cater to both beginners and experienced riders.
For those who want a little more comfort and a working city next door, Aquaticum Hotel in Debrecen, forty minutes away, is a good choice. Debrecen is Hungary’s second city, has one of the country’s best university atmospheres, and combines well with day trips into the puszta.
Avoid
The short bus excursion from Budapest with fifty other passengers and ninety minutes on the puszta before being driven back. The puszta only works when you give it a full day — preferably two. The light at dawn and dusk is what makes the place extraordinary; midday in July is just a flat landscape in 35-degree heat.
Skip high summer in general if you can. May–June and September–October are the right seasons. Spring for new animals and flowers, autumn for the migratory birds and the deep golden light.
And finally: don’t treat the csikós shows at the Máta stud farm as the main event of the trip. They are good, but the real life of the puszta happens outside the performances. Book a private carriage ride or an outing with a local csikós, and you’ll come much closer to what you came for.
Arrivals from the Nordic capitals
TravelTalk is a Nordic publication. Here is how Nordic readers reach Hortobágy.
From Copenhagen: Direct to Budapest with Wizz Air, Ryanair and LOT, around 2 hours. From Budapest it is a two-hour drive to Hortobágy along the motorway towards Debrecen. Train from Budapest Keleti to Hortobágy via Füzesabony takes about three hours.
From Oslo: Direct to Budapest with Norwegian and Wizz Air, around 2 hours 30 minutes. Norwegian travellers may notice that Hortobágy’s flat landscape is the absolute opposite of Norwegian nature — and precisely for that reason, an experience that lingers.
From Stockholm: Direct to Budapest with SAS, Wizz Air and Ryanair, around 2 hours 15 minutes. Sweden has a long tradition of horse breeding and equestrian culture, and Hortobágy gives Swedish travellers a rare chance to encounter a European horse tradition fundamentally different from the Nordic one.
From Helsinki: Direct to Budapest with Wizz Air and Finnair, around 2 hours 30 minutes. For Finnish travellers there is a linguistic curiosity worth noting: Hungarian and Finnish are distant relatives in the Finno-Ugric language family. Many Hungarian words sound oddly familiar to Finnish ears — not enough to understand, but enough to notice.
Local transport: A rental car is the best solution. The puszta is large, and distances matter. Hertz and Sixt have desks at Debrecen airport (DEB), which has seasonal flights from several European cities.
Factbox: practical Hortobágy
Season: May–June for green plains and births. September–November for migratory birds and the golden autumn light. August for the Hídi vásár market at the Nine-Holed Bridge. Avoid July and the first half of August — the heat is too hard, and the light is flat.
Language: English at the better hotels and tourist facilities. Hungarian is not easy to pick up on the fly, but even a “köszönöm” (thank you) is met with warmth.
Currency: Hungarian forint (HUF). Check current rates when planning — it has been volatile in recent years.
Hotels mentioned: Hortobágyi Pásztormúzeum Vendégház (Hortobágy village). Epona Lovas Hotel (Máta). Aquaticum Hotel (Debrecen).
Máta Stud Farm: Tours daily from spring to autumn. Horse shows at 10am and 2pm. Book at the entrance or online.
Hortobágy National Park visitor centre: Petőfi tér 9, Hortobágy. The best overview of the entire area, and the place to arrange private tours with csikós guides.
More good ideas for the best time of all — your free time
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